Leaders including India's Prime Minister Narendra Modi, China's President Xi Jinping and Russia's President Vladimir Putin at the 22nd Summit of the SCO Council of Heads of State in Samarkand, Uzbekistan (Image: TASS/Sipa USA/Sergei Bobylev)

While all the focus on Chinese leader Xi Jinping’s first trip out of the country since the pandemic hit has been on his meeting with Vladimir Putin at the weekend, it’s important not to miss the importance of Central Asia in his swing through a number of its countries.

A combination of Russia’s botched invasion of Ukraine and a number of conflicts that have broken out in on a region right on China’s doorstep means that Beijing sees both opportunity and threat in a region traditionally dominated by Russia, rich with resources but redolent with the advancing threat of radical Islam.

The centrepiece of Xi’s swing through Central Asia was the annual summit of the 20-year-old Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) in the Uzbekistan capital Samarkand, where he met separately with Putin as well as Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi.

“It’s a key piece of international architecture that has been crafted by China and until now largely ignored by the Western media,” Geoff Raby, former Australian ambassador to China, told Crikey. He added that China has been slowly building a “parallel” international architecture while still participating in the Bretton Woods international agencies and the United Nations.

Other examples of China-led organisations are the Asian Investment Infrastructure Bank (Australia is a member) and its overarching foreign policy play, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).

Central Asia is often colloquially known as “the Stans” (a Persian suffix that means “land of”), and consists of a jumble of nations once part of the mighty Soviet Union. By far the largest of these by geographic size and military importance is Kazakhstan, which has a population of 19 million and is the sixth largest country by land mass in the world. Uzbekistan is the most populous with 35 million people, and the group is rounded out by Tajikistan (10 million), Kyrgyzstan (7 million) and Turkmenistan (6 million). Islam is the main religion in the region.

The SCO was formed in 2001, a successor to the 1996 Shanghai Five. Initially Uzbekistan was added to the group that included China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. It is now up to nine, with India and Pakistan added in recent years, and Iran gaining full membership at last year’s meeting. There are “observer states” such as Afghanistan, Belarus and Mongolia seeking full membership, others like Egypt, Qatar and Saudi Arabia that have applied to become observer states, and a growing list of dialogue partners and those wanting to be, including Myanmar and the UAE.

“By signing the document for full membership of the SCO, now Iran has entered a new stage of various economic, commercial, transit and energy cooperation,” Iran’s Foreign Minister Hossein Amir Abdollahian said.

A key reason for its founding was the threat of Islamic fundamentalism creeping from the Middle East, Afghanistan and Pakistan through Central Asia into China and Russia but more recently it has extended into extensive joint military and humanitarian aid exercises, as well as combating drug and arms trafficking. Its primary objectives remain domestic security for its members, which helps explain India’s membership alongside its membership of the Quad with Australia, the US and Japan. Raby said the binding force of the SCO was effectively anti-Western democracy.

Beijing is also paranoid about “colour revolutions” occurring on its doorstep, another reason for increasing its support on all levels for the Central Asia and SCO countries, and Xi raised the issue at last week’s summit. The collapse of the Soviet Union — and trying to avoid the same thing occurring in China — remains a central theme in all Beijing’s domestic policy in Xinjiang and foreign policy.

China’s other fundamental reason for creating the SCO was the BRI. The project was originally based on the concept of a new Silk Road that connected China to the Middle East and Europe; in exchange for its economic and strategic support, China extracts certain concessions from its SCO partners.

“In exchange for security and economic support, Beijing has expected SCO members in Central Asia to  comply ‘unconditionally’ with requests to transfer wanted individuals across borders, engage in paramilitary co-operation including joint patrols with the People’s Armed Police, and turn a blind eye to oppression in Xinjiang,” a primer on the SCO by the Australian Strategic Policy Institute said.

In terms of China’s security Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan — and Pakistan, Afghanistan and India — all border the troubled Chinese province of Xinjiang where ethnic peoples from all three countries have been caught up in Beijing’s horrendous program of incarceration, forced sterilisation and family separation as part of its cultural genocide program. Some have suggested that one of China’s key objectives with the group is to ameliorate and remove objections to its program in Xinjiang and to date this appears to have been largely successful, despite all Central Asian countries having significant Turkic ethnic populations similar to the Uyghurs.

Central Asian countries retain borders drawn up by the Soviet Union during the 1924-1936 period, without taking into account economic, geographical and ethnic realities, and many of the borders are hazy and remain disputed.

Many countries have bilaterally settled some or all of their border disputes in recent decades, yet decades-long disputes continue largely because the disputed areas are important in terms of geographical, transportation and water resources management.

One of the most contested regions in Central Asian is water-rich Bakten, on the borders of  Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan where 500,000 people live. This is where deadly border clashes between Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan saw at least 100 people killed between September 14-16 in fighting involving the use of tanks, aviation and rocket artillery. While both sides are trying to resolve the conflict, urged on by Moscow — which has military bases in both countries — and Beijing, the two sides have a bloody history stretching back decades, with more than 230 incidents in past 20 years.

It’s precisely the type of conflict that China wants to avoid as it ramps up its plans for rail routes through the region into Europe and the Middle East to reduce risk of any conflict in the Pacific that could play havoc with traditional sea-shipping routes for imports and exports.

As the eyes of the West — its media and many sleepy governments, such as the one in Canberra — are opened to the realities of what’s at play in Central Asia, it’s clear that Taiwan is far from Beijing’s only concern and priority.